|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
|
| 286 : Intel 80286 processor. |
| 2D : Two (bi) Dimensional: x and y axes. |
| 2K : 2000. |
| 386 : Intel 80386 processor. |
| 386MAX : Qualitas 386 Expanded Memory Manager (386MAX.SYS). |
| 3D : Three (tri) Dimensional: x, y and z axes. |
| 3dfx :
3d Graphics Interactive (Voodoo family 3D chipsets). |
| 3DNow! : AMD K6/K7/Athlon/Duron CPU multimedia extensions. |
| 3DRAM : 3D Dynamic Random Access Memory. |
| 486 : Intel 80486 processor. |
| 586 : Intel 80586 processor (Pentium/Pentium Pro). |
| 686 : Intel 80686 processor (Pentium II/III). |
| 86 : Intel 80X86 central processing unit (CPU). |
|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
| A3D : Aureal 3D surround sound technology. |
| AA : Anti-Aliasing edge smoothing technology (3D video). |
| AAAS :
American Association for the Advancement of Science. |
| AAF : Advanced Authoring format (Microsoft video). |
| AC : Alternating Current. |
| AC-3 : Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound standard (5 + 1 = 6 channels). |
| ACPI : Advanced Configuration Power Interface. |
| ADC : Analog to Digital Converter. |
| ADPCM : Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation. |
| ADSL : Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line modem. |
| ADVD : Audio Digital Versatile Disc. |
| AFR : Alternate Frame Rendering (ATI Rage Fury MAXX). |
| AFM : Atomic Force Microscope. |
| AGP : Accelerated Graphics Port technology standard (Intel). |
| AGP-1x : Accelerated Graphics Port technology 1st generation standard: 66 MB/sec bandwidth (Intel). |
| AGP-2x : Accelerated Graphics Port technology 2nd generation standard using sidebands: 133 MB/sec bandwidth (Intel). |
| AGP-4x : Accelerated Graphics Port technology 3nd generation standard using fast writes: 266 MB/sec bandwidth (Intel). |
| AGRAS : AntiGlare AntiReflection AntiStatic screen treatment (CRT). |
| AI : Artificial Intelligence. |
| AIFF : Audio Interchange File Format (Apple). |
| AIT : Advanced Intelligent Tape (Sony). |
| ALDC : Adaptive Lossless Data Compression (IBM). |
| AMD :
Advanced Micro Devices Incorporated. |
| AMI :
American Megatrends Incorporated. |
| AMR : Audio/Modem Riser slot (Intel Pentium III 8281x chipsets). |
| ANI : Microsoft Windows ANImated cursor graphic file. |
| ANSI :
American National Standards Institute |
| AOL :
America OnLine Incorporated |
| API : Application Programming Interface. |
| APIC : Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller. |
| APM : Advanced Power Management. |
| ARAG : AntiReflection AntiGlare screen treatment (CRT). |
| ARAS : AntiReflection AntiStatic screen treatment (CRT). |
| ARP : Address Resolution Protocol. |
| ASC : Active Signal Correction technology (Sony CRT). |
| ASCII : American Standard Code for Information Interchange. |
| ASF : Advanced Streaming Format (Microsoft NetShow). |
| ASIC : Application Specific Integrated Circuit. |
| ASP : (1) Advanced Sound Processor (Creative Labs). |
| ASP : (2) Application Service Provider. |
| ASPI : Advanced SCSI Programming Interface. |
| ASVD : Analog Simultaneous Voice and Data. |
| Async SRAM : Asynchronous Static Random Access Memory (CPU L2 cache). |
| AT : Advanced Technology (Intel motherboard form factor). |
| ATA : Advanced Technology Attachment (ANSI standard for Integrated Drive Electronics). |
| ATA-4 : Ultra ATA/Ultra DMA 33.33 MB/second tranfer rate (EIDE/ATA hard disk controller/drive standard). |
| ATA-6 : Ultra ATA/Ultra DMA 66.66 MB/second tranfer rate (EIDE/ATA hard disk controller/drive standard). |
| ATA-8 : Ultra ATA/Ultra DMA 100 MB/second tranfer rate (EIDE/ATA hard disk controller/drive standard). |
| ATAPI : Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface. |
| Athlon : AMD Athlon K7 CPU. |
| ATM : (1) Adobe Type Manager. |
| ATM : (2) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (network). |
| ATSC :
AdvancedTelevision Systems Committee. |
| ATV : Advanced TeleVision (i.e. HDTV). |
| ATX : Advanced Technology EXtended (Intel motherboard form factor). |
| AUTOEXEC.BAT : AUTOmatically EXECuted BATch file. |
| AVI : Advanced Video Interleave (Microsoft video). |
| AWR : Active Wide Range playback system (Toshiba CD-ROM). |
| AXCEL216 : Packard Bell AXCEL216 386/SX 25 MHz (my first PC). |
|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
| b : bit (binary digit): unit of digital information: 1 bit = 0 or 1. |
| B : Byte (Binary octet): unit of digital data: 1 Byte = 8 bits. |
| BASIC : Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. |
| BAT : MS-DOS ASCII BATch program file. |
| Baud : Modem line (carrier) signaling high/low shifts/events per second. |
| BBS : Bulletin Board System. |
| BDA : BIOS Data Area. |
| BEDO : Burst Extended Data Out (DRAM). |
| BGA : Ball Grid Array (242 pin Intel CPU). |
| BIF : Binary Image Format file. |
| BIOS : Basic Input Output System. |
| BMP : RGB/RLE encoded Microsoft Windows BitMap Picture file. |
| bpp : bits per pixel. |
| Bps : Bytes per second. |
| bps : bits per second. |
| BSB : Back Side Bus (motherboard CPU to RAM bus). |
| BSOD :
Blue Screen Of Death [Microsoft Windows most dreaded "feature" :)]. |
| bus : Binary data gateway between hardware modules: CPU, RAM, I/O etc. |
|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
| CAB : CABinet compression format standard (Microsoft). |
| CAD : Computer Aided Design. |
| CADD : Computer Aided Design and Drafting. |
| CAS : Column Access Strobe. |
| CAV : Constant Angular Velocity (Compact Disk). |
| CCITT :
Commité Consultatif International du Télégraphe et Téléphonie (International Telegraph and Telephony Consultative Committee). |
| CD : Compact Disk. |
| CD-DA : Compact Disk Digital Audio. |
| CDFS : CD-ROM File System (data CD). |
| CD-I : Compact Disc Interactive. |
| CDR : CorelDRAW! image file. |
| CDRAM : Cache Dynamic Random Access Memory. |
| CD-R : Compact Disk Recorder. |
| CD-RAM : Compact Disk Rewritable Access Media. |
| CD-ROM : Compact Disk Read Only Media. |
| CD-ROM/XA : Compact Disk Read Only Media EXtended Architecture (Sony, Philips, Microsoft). |
| CD-RW : Compact Disk ReWritable. |
| CDSL :Consumer Digital Subscriber Line modem technology (Rockwell). |
| Celeron : Intel Pentium II/III Celeron CPU (80686). |
| CERT : Computer Emergency Response Team. |
| CGA : Color Graphics Adapter. |
| CGI : (1) Computer Generated Image. |
| CGI : (2)Common Gateway Interface. |
| CGM : Computer Graphics Metafile. |
| CHAP : Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol. |
| CHS : Cylinder/Head/Sector (hard drive). |
| CIAC : Computer
Incident Advisory Capability team. |
| CIFS : Common Internet File System |
| CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computing (CPU). |
| CL : Creative Labs Limited |
| CLP : Microsoft Windows CLiPboard Bitmap file. |
| CLV : Constant Linear Velocity (Compact Disk). |
| CMOS : Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor manufacturing process. |
| CMOS 7S : CMOS 7S manufacturing process (IBM). |
| CMOS-SOS : CMOS Silicon On Sapphire manufacturing process. |
| CMP : Chip MultiProcessing (more than 1 CPU per chip). |
| CMS : ColorSync Color Management System (Apple). |
| CNR : Communications/Network Riser slot (Intel Pentium III 8281x chipsets). |
| COBOL : COmmon Business Oriented Language. |
| CODEC : Digital video COmpressor and DECompressor (Intel Indeo). |
| COM : (1) Serial COMmunication Port. |
| COM : (2) Component Object Model (Microsoft). |
| CON : CONsole (display). |
| CONFIG.SYS : CONFIGuration SYStem file. |
| cps : characters per second. |
| CPU : Central Processing Unit (processor). |
| CRC : Cyclical Redundancy Check. |
| CRT : Cathode Ray Tube. |
| CS : CompuServe. |
| CSLIP : Compressed Serial Line Internet Protocol. |
| CSS : Cascading Style Sheets HTML specifications (W3C). |
| CSS1 : Cascading Style Sheets mechanism level 1 (W3C). |
| CSS2 : Cascading Style Sheets mechanism level 2 (W3C). |
| CUR : Microsoft Windows static CURsor graphic file. |
| CUT : Dr. Halo picture file. |
|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
| D3D : DirectX 3D APIs (Microsoft Windows 9x/2000/ME). |
| DAC : Digital to Analog Converter. |
| DAT : Digital Audio Tape. |
| dB : deciBel (10 dB = 1 Bel). |
| DBS : Digital Broadcasting System. |
| DC : Direct Current. |
| DCE : Data Communications Equipment (modem to modem speed). |
| DDC : Display Data Channel. |
| DDE : Dynamic Data Exchange. |
| DDMA : Distributed Direct Memory Access standard. |
| DDR-SDRAM : = Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory. |
| DDSS : Dolby Digital AC-3 5.1 Surround Sound standard (5 + 1 = 6 channels). |
| DEK : Data Encryption Key. |
| DES : Data Encryption Standard. |
| DHCP : Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. |
| DHTML : Dynamic HyperText Markup Language (W3C). |
| DIB : (1) RGB/RLE encoded Microsoft Windows Device Independent Bitmap. |
| DIB : (2) Dual Independent Bus architecture (Intel Pentium Pro and Pentium II/III). |
| DIG : Digital Imaging Group. |
| DIMM : Dual In-line Memory Module. |
| DIN : Deutsches Institut
für Normung (German Institute for Standards). |
| DIP : Dual In-line Package. |
| DIVX : DIgital Video eXpress (discontinued DVD standard). |
| DLL : Dynamic Link Library. |
| DLP : Digital Light Processing technology, also DMD (Texas Instruments). |
| DLS : DownLoadable Sounds standard (PCI MIDI). |
| DMA : Direct Memory Access. |
| DMD : Digital Micromirror Device, also DLP (Texas Instruments). |
| DME : Direct Memory Execution (Intel I-740). |
| DMF : Distribution Media Format: high density floppy disk (Microsoft). |
| DMI : Desktop Management Interface. |
| DMTF : Desktop Management Task Force. |
| DNA : Distributed interNet Applications architecture (Windows 98). |
| DNS : Domain Naming System. |
| DOCSIS : ITU J.112 Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification. |
| DOF : Depth Of Field (3D video). |
| DOM : Document Object Model standard (W3C). |
| DOS : Disk Operating System. |
| DPI : Dots Per Inch. |
| DPLSS : Dolby Pro Logic Surround Sound standard (5 channels). |
| DPMA : Dynamic Power Management Architecture (Intel PCI/AGP chipsets). |
| DPMI : DOS Protected Mode Interface. |
| DPMS : VESA Display Power Management Signaling standard. |
| DRAM : Dynamic Random Access Memory. |
| DR-DOS : Lineo (Caldera Digital Research) Disk Operating System. |
| Drive-TIP : = Drive Temperature Indicator Processor (IBM hard drive). |
| DRP : Distribution and Replication Protocol. |
| DRW : Micrografx DRaW image file. |
| DS3D : DirectSound 3D APIs (Microsoft Windows 9x/2000/ME). |
| DSC : Digital Servo Control (Toshiba CD-ROM). |
| DS/DD : Double-Sided Double-Density (floppy disk standard: 720 KB). |
| DS/HD : Double-Sided High-Density (floppy disk standard: 1.44 MB). |
| DSL : Digital Subscriber Line modem. |
| DSP : (1) Digital Signal Processor. |
| DSP : (2) Delivery Service Partner (OEM). |
| DSS : (1) Digital Satellite System. |
| DSS : (2) Digital Signature Standard certificate. |
| DSVD : Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data. |
| DTD : Document Type Definition. |
| DTE : Data Terminal Equipment (modem to computer speed). |
| DTP : DeskTop Publishing. |
| DTR : Data Transfer Rate (throughput). |
| DTS : Digital Theatre Surround (3D audio). |
| DTV : (1) DeskTop Video. |
| DTV : (2) Digital TeleVision. |
| DUN : Dial-Up Networking (Microsoft Windows 95/98). |
| DVD : Digital Versatile (Video) Disc. |
| DVD-2 : Second generation DVD drive. |
| DVD-R : Digital Versatile Disk Recordable. |
| DVD-RAM : Digital Versatile Disk Rewritable Access Media. |
| DVD-ROM : Digital Versatile Disc Read Only Media. |
| DVD+RW : Digital Versatile Disk ReWritable (new standard). |
| DVI : Digital Video Interactive (Intel). |
| DX : X86 Intel CPU with FPU (386/DX, 486/DX). |
| DX3D : DirectX 3D APIs (Microsoft Windows 9x/2000/ME). |
| DXF : AutoDesk picture File. |
| DXR2 : Dynamic eXtended Resolution 2 technology (Creative Labs DVD). |
| DXTC : S3 Direct3D Texture Compression APIs (S3 Savage3D/2000). |
|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
| EAX : Environmental Audio EXtensions (Creative Labs DirectSound3D Live! surround sound extensions). |
| EBDA : Extended BIOS Data Area. |
| EBIOS : Extended Basic Input/Output System. |
| ECC : Error Correction Code. |
| ECHS : Enhanced Cylinder/Head/Sector (hard drive > 1024 cylinders). |
| ECP : Extended Capabilities Port. |
| EDC : Error Detection Code. |
| EDI : Electronic Data Interchange. |
| EDO : Extended Data Out (DRAM). |
| EDRAM : Enhanced Dynamic Random Access Memory. |
| EECS : Enhanced Elliptical Correction System (Sony CRT). |
| EEPROM : Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. |
| EGA : Extended Graphics Adapter. |
| EIA : Electronics Industries Association |
| EICA : Enhanced Intellight Cooler Architecture. |
| EIDE : Enhanced Integrated Device Electronics (hard disk). |
| EISA : Extended Industry Standard Architecture. |
| EISCA : Enhanced Intelligent System Cooler Architecture (CPU heatsink). |
| E-mail : Electronic mail. |
| EMB : Extended Memory Block. |
| EMBM : Environment Mapped Bump Mapping (Matrox G400 3D Video). |
| EMI : ElectroMagnetical Interference. |
| EMM : Expanded Memory Manager. |
| EMM386 : Microsoft 386 Expanded Memory Manager (EMM386.EXE). |
| EMS : Expanded Memory Specifications. |
| EPA : Environmental Protection Agency. |
| EPIC : Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (Intel/HP). |
| EPP : Enhanced Parallel Port. |
| EPROM : Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. |
| EPS : Encapsulated PostScript File. |
| ESCD : Extended System Configuration Data (ROM BIOS) |
| ESD : ElectroStatic Discharge. |
| ESDI : Enhanced System Device Interface (hard disk). |
| ESDRAM : Enhanced Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory. |
| EULA : End User License Agreement. |
| EUV : Extreme UltraViolet lithography (CPU). |
|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
| FAST-20 : Fast SCSI-3 Parallel Interface standard. |
| FAT : File Allocation Table. |
| FAT16 : File Allocation Table 16-bit (MS-DOS). |
| FAT32 : File Allocation Table 32-bit (Windows 95/98). |
| FCBS : File Control Blocks. |
| FC-AL : Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (Ultra Fast SCSI). |
| FCC : Federal
Communications Commission (USA). |
| FC-PGA : Flip Chip Pin Grid Array package (Intel Pentium III E CPU). |
| FC-PH : Fibre Channel PHysical and signaling interface (SCSI-3). |
| FD : Floppy Disk. |
| FDC : Floppy Drive Controller. |
| FDD : Floppy Disk Drive. |
| FDDI : Fiber Distributed Data Interface. |
| FED : Field Emission Display. |
| FERAM : FerroElectric Dynamic Random Access Memory (Infineon/Toshiba). |
| FIFO : First In First Out. |
| FMD : Fluorescent Multilayer Disc (C3D 140 GB CD-ROM technology). |
| FMV : Full Motion Video. |
| FPD : Flat Panel Display. |
| FPE : File Protection Error. |
| FPM : Fast Page Mode (DRAM). |
| fps : frames per second. |
| FPTV : Front Projection TeleVision |
| FPU : Floating Point Unit (coprocessor). |
| FRAM : Ferroelectric Random Access Memory. |
| Frame-buffer : 1st + 2nd dimensions/height + width/x + y axes memory (2D video). |
| FSAA :Full Screen Anti-Aliasing edge smoothing (3D video). |
| FSB : Front Side Bus (motherboard CPU to I/O bus). |
| FTP : File Transfer Protocol. |
| Full-Duplex : Two way modem communication protocol (echo-plex). |
| FXT1 : Advanced Texture Compression technology (3Dfx). |
|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
| GB : GigaByte (1 GB = 1,024 MegaBytes = 1,048,576 KiloBytes). |
| GBps : GigaBytes per second. |
| gbps : gigabits per second. |
| GDI : Graphics Device Interface (Microsoft Windows). |
| GEM : Ventura/GEM image file. |
| GIF : Graphics Interchange Format (CompuServe). |
| Glide : 3Dfx Voodoo family proprietary 3D APIs. |
| G.Lite : ITU G.992.2 1.4 Mbps Digital Subscriber Line modem standard (ADSL). |
| GM : General MIDI standard. |
| GPF : General Protection Fault (Microsoft Windows). |
| GMR : Giant MagnetoResistive effect (IBM hard drive). |
| GPU : Graphics Processing Unit (NVidia GeForce/GeForce2 2D/3D). |
| GTS : Giga Texel Shader (NVidia GeForce2 GTS 2D/3D). |
| GUI : Graphical User Interface. |
| GVIF : Gigabit Video InterFace (Sony LCD). |
|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
| HAL : Hardware Abstraction Layer (Microsoft Direct3D virtual 3D video accelerator interface APIs). |
| Half-Duplex : One way modem communication protocol (simplex or local-echo). |
| HAVi : Home Audio Video interoperability (entertainment APIs). |
| HD : Hard Disk. |
| HDA : High reliability Hard Disk Assembly. |
| HDC : Hard Drive Controller. |
| HDD : Hard Disk Drive. |
| HD-DVD : High Definition Digital Versatile Disk (future standard). |
| HD-ROM : High Definition Read Only Media (Norsam Technology). |
| HDSL : High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line modem. |
| HDSS : Holographic Data Storage System (IBM). |
| HDTV : High Definition TeleVision (new digital TV standard: 1200 lines). |
| HDVD : High Definition Digital Video Disc (Sonic/Ravisent). |
| HDVP : High Definition Video Processor (NVidia GeForce2 GTS). |
| HEL : Hardware Emulation Layer (Microsoft Direct3D virtual 3D video rasterization device). |
| HFC : Hybrid Fiber Coaxial cable system. |
| HFS : Hierarchical File System (CD-ROM, MacOS). |
| HGL : Hewlett Packard Graphics Language image file. |
| HID : Human Interface Devices. |
| HiFD : High density 200 MB Floppy Drive standard (Sony/Fuji). |
| Hi-Fi : High Fidelity (audio/video). |
| HIMEM : Microsoft HIgh/Extended MEMory Manager (HIMEM.SYS). |
| HIPPI : HIgh Performance Parallel Interface (ANSI X3T9.3 standard). |
| HMA : High Memory Area. |
| HP : Hewlett Packard Corporation |
| HPC : Handheld Personal Computer. |
| HPFS : High Performance File System (OS/2). |
| HSDRAM : High Speed Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory. |
| HSR : Hidden Surface Removal 3D polygon rendering (NVidia NV20 + 3dfx Voodoo5/6). |
| HTML : HyperText Markup Language (W3C). |
| HTTP : HyperText Transfer Protocol. |
| HVD : High Voltage Differential standard (SCSI-2). |
| Hz : Hertz (clock speed). 1 Hz = 1 clock cycle. |
|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
| IA-32 : Intel Architecture 32-bit (32-bit CPU). |
| IA-64 : Intel Architecture 64-bit (high-end 64-bit CPU). |
| IBM : International Business Machines Corporation |
| IC : Interface Controller. |
| ICD : Installable Client Driver (Microsoft 3D). |
| ICMP : Internet Control Message Protocol. |
| ICMPv6 : Internet Control Message Protocol version 6. |
| ICO : ICOn graphic file (Microsoft Windows). |
| ICS : Internet Connection Sharing. |
| IDCT : Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (DVD decoding). |
| IDE : Integrated Device (Drive) Electronics (hard disk). |
| IE : Microsoft Internet Explorer |
| IEEE : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. |
| IEEE 1394 : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers FireWire peripheral devices high performance serial bus standard. |
| IETF : Internet Engineering Task Force |
| IFF : Electronic Arts Image File. |
| IFSHLP.SYS : Installable File System HeLPer device driver (Microsoft Windows). |
| IGMP : Internet Group Management Protocol. |
| IMA : Interactive Music Architecture (Microsoft). |
| IMAP : Internet Mail Access Protocol. |
| IMAP4 : Internet Mail Access Protocol level 4. |
| IMG : GEM Paint image file. |
| InterNIC : Internet Network Information Center. |
| I/O : Input/Output. |
| ION : Integrated On-demand Network (Sprint FastBreak). |
| IP : Internet Protocol. |
| IPF : Invalid Page Fault (Microsoft Windows). |
| IPv4 : Internet Protocol version 4 (32-bit). |
| IPv6 : Internet Protocol version 6 (128-bit). |
| IPX : Internetwork Packet EXchange (Novell Netware). |
| IRC : Internet Relay Chat. |
| IrDA : Infrared Data Association. |
| IRQ : Interrupt ReQuest line. |
| ISA : Industry Standard Architecture. |
| ISDN : Integrated Services Digital Network. |
| ISO : International Organization for Standardization |
| ISO 9660 : International Standard LOgical CD-ROM format (High Sierra). |
| ISP : Internet Service Provider. |
| ITU : International Telecommunications Union |
|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
| Java : Sun Microsystems programming language. |
| JAR : Java ARchive file. |
| JDK : Java Developers Kit. |
| JEDEC : Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council. |
| JFC : Java Foundation Classes. |
| JIF : Joint Photographers Expert Group Image file. |
| JPEG : Joint Photographers Expert Group Picture standard. |
| JPG : Joint Photographers Expert Group Picture file. |
| JVM : Java Virtual Machine. |
|
0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
| :K56flex = Lucent/Rockwell 56 kbps analog modem transfer standard. |
| KB : KiloByte (1 KB = 1,024 Bytes). |
| KBps : KiloBytes per second. |
| kbps : kilobits per second. |
| KNI : Intel Katmai/Coppermine CPU New 70 MMX extensions. |
| darkhardware 'den iktibas yapılmıştır, kendilerine teşekkür ederim. |